Abstract: Transient signals are having an increasingly significant impact on radio astronomy observations. Developing radio frequency signal detection systems to enhance transient interference detection capabilities provides vital technical support for further transient signal characteristic analysis. Based on the USRP X310 and GNU Radio platform, we utilize techniques such as polyphase filtering, FFT transformation, and integral processing. We have developed a microsecond-level radio frequency signal detection system, achieving a real-time bandwidth of 140 MHz, operating bandwidth from 30 MHz to 6 GHz, and a time resolution of 0.5 μs. Through practical measurements, we provide the amplitude measurement accuracy and dynamic range of the detection system. Based on this foundation, through practical applications, we demonstrate that this system can be applied to radiation emission measurements of electronic devices and transient signal measurements of electromagnetic environments, providing technical support for electromagnetic compatibility design and interference mitigation in radio telescopes.